#125 Optimization
Looking at how C compilers optimize loops.
Notes
C compilers usually supprot a range of loop optimizations, including:
- Loop Unroll
- Loop Unswitching
- Loop Interchange
- Detection of memcpy, memset idioms
- Delete side-effect free loops
- Loop Distribution
- Loop Vectorization
Examples
example1.c is based on a question on stackoverflow. It creates an array, loops and does a pointless operation on each element, then discards the array:
int main(void) {
double *a;
a = calloc(SIZE, sizeof *a);
for (size_t i = 0; i < SIZE; ++i) {
a[i] = a[i];
}
free(a);
}
The question is: would this be so obviously pointless and without side-effect as to be optimized away?
With clang-1000.11.45.5, it turns out that yes, the compiler is smart enough to figure this is a “side-effect free loop”, as long as optimization is enabled.
- with no optimizations enabled (
gcc -std=c17 -O0 -S example1.c), the generated code includes the loop. - with level 1 optimizations enabled (
gcc -std=c17 -O1 -S example1.c), the generated code excludes the loop.
Optimizing the loop away may not always be desirable, especially in embedded situations where a NOP loop might be there for timing reasons.
example2.c demonstrates one way of forcing the loop to remain - declaring the affected variable as volatile.
The loop remains in the compiled code even with optimization turned up to level 3.
Running the Examples
Easy to do by hand, but here’s a Makefle to do it instead:
$ make
gcc -Wall -std=c17 -S -O0 -o example1-O0.s example1.c
gcc -Wall -std=c17 -S -O1 -o example1-O1.s example1.c
gcc -Wall -std=c17 -S -O1 -o example2-O1.s example2.c
tail -n+1 example1-O0.s example1-O1.s example2-O1.s
==> example1-O0.s <==
.section __TEXT,__text,regular,pure_instructions
.macosx_version_min 10, 13
.globl _main ## -- Begin function main
.p2align 4, 0x90
_main: ## @main
.cfi_startproc
## %bb.0:
pushq %rbp
.cfi_def_cfa_offset 16
.cfi_offset %rbp, -16
movq %rsp, %rbp
.cfi_def_cfa_register %rbp
subq $32, %rsp
movl $100, %eax
movl %eax, %edi
movl $8, %eax
movl %eax, %esi
movl $0, -4(%rbp)
callq _calloc
movq %rax, -16(%rbp)
movq $0, -24(%rbp)
LBB0_1: ## =>This Inner Loop Header: Depth=1
cmpq $100, -24(%rbp)
jae LBB0_4
## %bb.2: ## in Loop: Header=BB0_1 Depth=1
movq -16(%rbp), %rax
movq -24(%rbp), %rcx
movsd (%rax,%rcx,8), %xmm0 ## xmm0 = mem[0],zero
movq -16(%rbp), %rax
movq -24(%rbp), %rcx
movsd %xmm0, (%rax,%rcx,8)
## %bb.3: ## in Loop: Header=BB0_1 Depth=1
movq -24(%rbp), %rax
addq $1, %rax
movq %rax, -24(%rbp)
jmp LBB0_1
LBB0_4:
movq -16(%rbp), %rax
movq %rax, %rdi
callq _free
movl -4(%rbp), %eax
addq $32, %rsp
popq %rbp
retq
.cfi_endproc
## -- End function
.subsections_via_symbols
==> example1-O1.s <==
.section __TEXT,__text,regular,pure_instructions
.macosx_version_min 10, 13
.globl _main ## -- Begin function main
.p2align 4, 0x90
_main: ## @main
.cfi_startproc
## %bb.0:
pushq %rbp
.cfi_def_cfa_offset 16
.cfi_offset %rbp, -16
movq %rsp, %rbp
.cfi_def_cfa_register %rbp
xorl %eax, %eax
popq %rbp
retq
.cfi_endproc
## -- End function
.subsections_via_symbols
==> example2-O1.s <==
.section __TEXT,__text,regular,pure_instructions
.macosx_version_min 10, 13
.globl _main ## -- Begin function main
.p2align 4, 0x90
_main: ## @main
.cfi_startproc
## %bb.0:
pushq %rbp
.cfi_def_cfa_offset 16
.cfi_offset %rbp, -16
movq %rsp, %rbp
.cfi_def_cfa_register %rbp
movl $100, %edi
movl $8, %esi
callq _calloc
movq $-800, %rcx ## imm = 0xFCE0
.p2align 4, 0x90
LBB0_1: ## =>This Inner Loop Header: Depth=1
movsd 800(%rax,%rcx), %xmm0 ## xmm0 = mem[0],zero
movsd %xmm0, 800(%rax,%rcx)
addq $8, %rcx
jne LBB0_1
## %bb.2:
movq %rax, %rdi
callq _free
xorl %eax, %eax
popq %rbp
retq
.cfi_endproc
## -- End function
.subsections_via_symbols